Causes of Placental Thickening (>4 cm)
· Maternal diabetes mellitus
· Rhesus sensitization
· Normal variant
· Intrauterine infection
· Maternal congestive cardiac failure
· Hydrops fetalis
· Focal placental hemorrhage
· Triploidy (focal thickening or ‘chronic’ thickening due to secondary villous hyperplasia)
· Sacrococcygeal teratoma (associated with heart failure)
· Fetal cardiac failure.
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